Leadership and Decision-Making in 1588 Flashcards

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Who was in charge of the English navy against the Armada in 1588?

Lord Charles Howard of Effingham, the Lord High Admiral.

What role did Sir Francis Drake play in English leadership in 1588?

He was vice admiral of the English fleet and helped plan and lead attacks on the Spanish ships.

What key decision did English leaders make about how to fight the Spanish ships?

They chose to stay at a distance and use their long-range guns. They did not try to sail close and board the Spanish ships.

What did the English commanders decide to do with fireships at Calais in July 1588?

They sent eight old ships packed with gunpowder and set them on fire. These fireships were aimed at the anchored Spanish fleet at Calais.

How did the fireship attack help English leaders win at Gravelines?

It made the Spanish fleet panic and break formation. This let the English chase and fight them in a stronger position at Gravelines.

Who led the Spanish Armada in 1588, and what was one weakness in his leadership?

The Duke of Medina Sidonia led it, but he had little sea experience and could not easily change Philip II's strict plan.

What was Philip II's main plan for the Armada in 1588?

The Armada would sail up the English Channel to the Netherlands. It would meet the Duke of Parma's army and carry it across to invade England.

How did Philip II's style of leadership affect decision-making in the Armada campaign?

He gave very detailed orders from Spain. This meant his commanders at sea had little freedom to change the plan when things went wrong.

Why were there decision-making problems between Medina Sidonia and the Duke of Parma?

They were in different places and messages were slow. There was no safe deep-water port, so they could not easily meet and agree what to do.

How did Elizabeth I show leadership on land during the Armada crisis?

She visited her army at Tilbury in Essex in August 1588. She rode among the troops and gave a famous speech to inspire them.

What did Elizabeth's Tilbury speech say about how she saw herself as a leader?

She said she had 'the heart and stomach of a king'. This showed she saw herself as a brave and strong ruler, ready to fight for England.

How did Elizabeth and her Privy Council prepare England for a possible Spanish landing in 1588?

They raised troops and improved coastal defences. They set up beacon fires to send warnings and told local lords to gather men and weapons along the coast.