Fertility Trends Flashcards

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What is the difference between the birth rate and the fertility rate?

Birth rate is the number of live births per 1,000 people in a year. Fertility rate is the average number of children each woman has.

What does Total Fertility Rate (TFR) measure?

It is the average number of children a woman is expected to have over her life.

What is the replacement level of fertility and why is it about 2.1?

It is the level needed to keep the population size stable. It is about 2.1 children per woman to allow for child deaths and people who do not have children.

Has the UK’s fertility rate risen or fallen since 1900 overall?

It has fallen overall, with short baby booms after the two world wars and a small rise in the 2000s.

How has effective contraception changed fertility?

It gives people control over if and when to have a baby, so there are fewer unplanned births and smaller families.

How have women’s education and paid work affected fertility?

Many women stay in education and work longer, delay having children, and have fewer children on average.

Why does the cost of raising children tend to lower fertility?

Children now cost a lot to raise and to keep in school, so many parents choose smaller families.

How does a fall in infant mortality link to fertility?

When more babies survive, parents feel less need to have many children, so average family size falls.

What has happened to the average age of mothers at first birth in the UK?

It has risen. Many women now have their first baby in their late 20s or early 30s.

How can migration affect fertility trends in the UK?

Migrants are often young adults, and some groups have higher fertility, which can lift births. Their fertility often moves closer to the UK average over time.

What is one effect of low fertility on family size?

Families are smaller, with more one-child and two-child families.

What does “child-centred” mean and how can it link to fertility?

It means parents put more time and money into each child. This often leads to having fewer children.

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