Uncontrolled Cell Division Flashcards

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What is uncontrolled cell division?

When cells keep dividing without stopping at the right time.

What is a tumour?

A lump of cells made by uncontrolled cell division.

What is the difference between benign and malignant tumours?

Benign stay in one place and do not spread; malignant invade and can spread to other parts.

What is cancer?

A disease caused by malignant tumours formed by uncontrolled cell division.

What does metastasis mean?

When cancer cells break away and spread to other parts of the body to form new tumours.

What is a carcinogen?

Something that increases cancer risk by damaging DNA and causing mutations.

Give two examples of carcinogens.

Chemicals in tobacco smoke and ultraviolet (UV) light from the sun or sunbeds.

How can DNA mutations lead to uncontrolled cell division?

They can stop the normal control of the cell cycle, so cells divide too fast.

Why does cancer risk increase with age?

More mutations build up over time as cells divide, so control is more likely to fail.

How do chemotherapy and radiotherapy treat cancer?

Chemotherapy uses drugs and radiotherapy uses high-energy radiation to kill fast-dividing cells in tumours.

Why can cancer treatments cause side effects like hair loss?

They also damage healthy fast-dividing cells, such as hair root cells.

What does a high mitotic index in a tissue suggest?

Many cells are dividing; this may indicate a tumour or fast growth.