Identifying Themes and Ideas

What is a Theme?

A theme is a central topic or subject that recurs throughout a text. It represents the underlying message or the main idea that the author intends to convey. Themes often explore universal concepts, such as love, friendship, power, justice or loss. They provide a lens through which readers can view and interpret the events and characters in a story.

Although, themes can be subject to different interpretations, depending on the readers’ unique perspectives and cultural experiences.

To identify themes, pay attention to:

  • Recurring topics or subjects – Look for ideas, concepts, or issues that are repeatedly addressed or emphasised throughout the text.
  • Character motivations and conflicts – Analyse the goals, desires and dilemmas of the characters, as they often reflect and contribute to the overarching themes.
  • Symbolism and imagery – Notice recurring objects, settings, or actions that hold symbolic meaning. They can provide clues to the deeper themes explored in the text.

Example: In George Orwell’s novel Animal Farm, the theme of power and corruption is prevalent. Through the repeated references to the pigs’ gradual abuse of power and their manipulation of language, Orwell sheds light on totalitarian regimes.

To identify the theme of a book, ask yourself these questions: 

  • What is the central conflict or problem that characters face throughout the story?
  • What values, beliefs or ideas do the characters or events in the book seem to endorse or challenge?
  • Are there any recurring symbols, motifs or patterns that hint at a deeper meaning or message?
  • How does the resolution or ending of the book contribute to the overall theme?
  • What broader social, cultural or philosophical issues does the book explore?

What is an Idea?

An idea in literature refers to the underlying concept or philosophy presented by the author. It represents a broader understanding or viewpoint about a particular subject.

Ideas can be expressed through the beliefs, values or opinions of the characters, as well as through the author’s voice. They contribute to the overall message of the text, adding depth and complexity.

To detect ideas in a text, consider:

  • Character beliefs and values – Analyse how the characters’ convictions shape their actions and influence the development of the plot.
  • Dialogues and conversations – Look for instances where characters discuss or debate philosophical concepts, as these often reflect the author’s intended ideas.
  • Historical and cultural context – Consider the social, political or cultural backdrop against which the text was written, as it can provide insights into the ideas explored.

Example: In Harper Lee’s novel To Kill a Mockingbird, the idea of justice and morality is central. Through the character of Atticus Finch, Lee explores the notion of standing up for what is right, even in the face of adversity.

To identify the idea of a book, ask yourself these questions: 

  • What overarching concept or philosophy does the book explore?
  • How do the characters’ beliefs, values, or actions reflect or challenge these ideas?
  • What broader questions or debates does the book raise about life, society, or human nature?
  • How does the author convey these ideas through the use of symbolism, imagery, or metaphor?
  • What historical, cultural or societal factors influenced the author’s ideas and the book’s message?