Biotechnology and Genetic Modification Flashcards

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What is meant by biotechnology in biology?

It is the use of living organisms or their enzymes to make useful products for people.

Why are microorganisms such as bacteria and yeast useful in biotechnology?

They grow and reproduce quickly, can be grown in large tanks, and make useful substances like enzymes or food.

How is yoghurt made using biotechnology?

Warm milk is mixed with bacteria, which ferment the sugar in the milk to make lactic acid, turning the milk into yoghurt.

What is genetic modification (genetic engineering)?

It is changing an organism’s DNA by adding, removing or altering genes, often using genes from another species.

What are the main steps in making a genetically modified organism?

A useful gene is identified and cut out, then it is inserted into the DNA of another organism, which is grown so it shows the new characteristic.

What is a genetically modified (GM) crop?

A crop plant whose DNA has been changed using genetic engineering to give it a new characteristic, such as resistance to pests.

Give one example of a GM crop and state its advantage.

Some maize plants have been modified to produce a toxin that kills insect pests, so farmers lose less of the crop to damage.

How can GM crops help improve food security?

They can give higher yields, use water or fertiliser more efficiently, or resist diseases, so more reliable amounts of food can be produced.

Give one possible risk or concern about the use of GM crops.

Genes for herbicide or pest resistance could spread to wild plants, which may harm ecosystems and reduce biodiversity.

What is a fermenter (bioreactor) used for in biotechnology?

It is a large, controlled tank used to grow microorganisms so they can make products like enzymes, medicines or food such as mycoprotein.