Validity of Methods and Conclusions Flashcards

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Note: We may include questions that have multiple correct answers. It's useful to remember specific examples to understand these concepts better.

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In science, what does it mean if a method is valid?

A valid method is a fair test that actually measures what it is meant to measure and can answer the question.

What are control variables and why are they important for validity?

Control variables are things you keep the same. Keeping them the same means that only the factor you change affects the result, so the test is valid.

In a valid experiment, how many variables should you change on purpose, and what is it called?

You should change only one variable on purpose, called the independent variable; this helps keep the test valid.

What is the dependent variable in a valid test?

The dependent variable is what you measure to see the effect of the change. In a valid test, changes in it should be caused only by the independent variable.

What is a control group and how does it help validity?

A control group is a group that does not get the factor being tested. It lets you compare results and check that any change is due to that factor, making the conclusion more valid.

What does it mean if data are valid?

Valid data are measurements of the right thing, taken in a fair test where other factors are controlled, so they can properly answer the question.

Why does having a larger, representative sample help make conclusions more valid?

A larger, well-chosen sample is more like the whole population. This makes it less likely the pattern is due to chance, so the conclusion is more valid.

When is a scientific conclusion valid?

A conclusion is valid when it is supported by the data, fits the pattern shown, and does not go beyond what the results can show.

Why might a conclusion be invalid even if the calculations are correct?

The method may not be a fair test, other variables may not have been controlled, or there may not be enough data, so the results cannot properly support the conclusion.

Why does repeating an unfair test not make the results valid?

If a test is unfair, repeating it many times still gives data affected by other factors. The method must be changed to control variables before the results can be valid.

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