Choosing Industrial Conditions Flashcards

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In industry, what does the term 'reaction conditions' mean?

It means the temperature, pressure, and other settings used in the reaction.

How does increasing the temperature usually affect the rate of a reaction?

It makes the particles move faster, so the reaction happens more quickly.

For an exothermic reversible reaction, how does a higher temperature affect the yield?

A higher temperature gives a lower yield of the desired product.

Why do factories not always use the highest possible temperature for a reaction?

Very high temperatures need a lot of energy and cost more money. They can also lower the yield in some reactions.

Why is using a very high pressure in a chemical plant often avoided?

High pressure needs strong, expensive equipment and uses more energy. It is also less safe if there is a leak.

In industry, what is meant by 'compromise conditions'?

They are conditions that give a good yield and a fast rate. They also keep costs and risks at an acceptable level.

What does a catalyst do in an industrial reaction?

It speeds up the reaction and can allow a lower temperature. It does not change the final yield of product.

Why can using a catalyst save money for a chemical company?

The reaction can run at a lower temperature, so less energy is used. The catalyst can also be reused many times.

Why do many industrial processes recycle unreacted reactants?

Recycling unreacted reactants increases the overall yield. It also reduces waste and cost.

When choosing reaction conditions, which three main things must a company balance?

It must balance the rate of reaction, the yield of product, and the cost and safety of the process.

In the Haber process, why is a temperature of about 450°C used, not a much lower one?

A lower temperature would give a higher ammonia yield but the reaction would be very slow. 450°C is a compromise between yield and speed.

In the Haber process, why is a pressure of about 200 atmospheres used instead of a much higher pressure?

A higher pressure would give more ammonia but would need much stronger, more expensive equipment and be less safe. About 200 atmospheres is a practical compromise.

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